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المصادر

كل درس مكتوب انطلاقًا من مجموعة من المصادر المدقَّقة. هذه هي القائمة كاملة، لا عيّنة منها.

162 مصدرًا، منها 152 مدقَّق. في 102 منها رخصة مسجَّلة. و74 منها يمكنها أن تريك ما أُخذ عنها.

Law 14 مصدرًا

Health 11 مصدرًا

History 10 مصادر

Literature 10 مصادر

  • Bodleian Libraries Digital Collections — Oxfordمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • British Library Discovering Literatureمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Gallica — Bibliothèque nationale de Franceمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Library of Congress — Poetry and Literature CenterمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    About This Program | Poetry & Literature | Programs | Library of Congress Top of page Skip to main content Library of Congress Search Everything Audio Recordings Books/Printed Material Films, Videos Legislation Manuscripts/Mixed Material Maps Notated Music Newspapers Periodicals Personal Narratives Photos, Prints, Draw…
  • Library of Congress Literary Collectionsمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Perseus Digital Library — Tufts Universityمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Project Gutenberg — Bookshelves (public domain)مرجعUS-Public-Domain
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    tribution. Emmy died in February 2017 and is deeply missed by everybody at Distributed Proofreaders. In her work at Distributed Proofreaders, she was directly responsible for adding more than 1,000 e-books, many in the realm of Children’s Literature, to Project Gutenberg. Emmy loved her work and was loved and respected…
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  • Project Gutenberg — Fiction BookshelfمرجعUS-Public-Domain
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    Offline Catalogs | Project Gutenberg X Go! Donate About ▼ About Project Gutenberg Reading Options & Kindle Contact Us History & Philosophy Help Pages Offline Catalogs Donate Frequently Downloaded Main Categories Reading Lists Search Options Frequently Downloaded Main Categories Offline Catalogs and Feeds This page tell…
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  • Samevian Canonical Seed (Literature)كتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-4.0
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    Literature encompasses written works with artistic or intellectual value: poetry, prose fiction, drama, essay. Western literary history begins with ancient Greek texts—Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles (Oedipus Rex, Antigone), Euripides, and Aristophanes. The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2100 BC…
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  • Standard Ebooks — Public Domain LibraryمرجعUS-Public-Domain
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    inrich Kramer The Fall of Robespierre Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert Southey The Wheels of Chance H. G. Wells The Mummy! Jane C. Loudon The Place Called Dagon Herbert Gorman Hand and Ring Anna Katharine Green The Lost Stradivarius John Meade Falkner Racundra’s First Cruise Arthur Ransome The Man from the Clouds J. Stor…

Religion 10 مصادر

Economics 9 مصادر

  • Bureau of Economic Analysis — Glossary and ArticlesمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    dvance estimate The first estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) and its components for a quarter. It is released 25-30 days after the end of the quarter and is based on source data that are incomplete and subject to revision. Related terms Final estimate Annual input-output (I-O) accounts Set of I-O tables— make tab…
  • Federal Reserve — Consumers and CommunitiesمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    fer to the maintenance periods for which the vault cash can be used to satisfy reserve requirements. All vault cash held during the lagged computation period by "bound" institutions (that is, those whose required reserves exceed their vault cash) plus the amount of vault cash applied during the maintenance period by "n…
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  • Federal Reserve Research PublicationsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    st exposed to tariff increases? A new measure based on the consumption channel Nick Heyman, Colin J. Hottman , and Ryan Monarch September 2026 Why Gold Didnt Actually Overtake Treasury Securities as the Worlds "Favorite" Reserve Asset Colin Weiss View All Data, Models and Tools FRB/US Model : A large-scale es…
  • IMF Open Access Publications (CC BY 4.0)مرجعالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-4.0
  • NBER Working Papersمحكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Nobel Economic Sciences Lectures (Nobelprize.org)محكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • OECD Open Access Publications (CC BY 4.0)مرجعCC-BY-4.0
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    The OECD Economic Outlook provides twice-yearly assessments of major economic trends and prospects for OECD countries and selected non-member economies. According to OECD projections, global GDP growth was 3.1% in 2023, with advanced economies growing at 1.5% and emerging market economies at 4.3%. Global trade growth s…
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  • US Bureau of Labor Statistics — PublicationsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    o subscribe to the BLS Online Calendar. See details below for users of different types of calendars. Instructions for Outlook and Apple iCal Users: Simply click on the link (Note: Link may seem to be broken if you do not have Outlook or Apple iCal installed.) If the link doesn't work for you, try downloading the file a…
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  • World Bank Open Research (CC BY 4.0)مرجعCC-BY-4.0
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    Global extreme poverty—defined as living on less than $2.15 per day (2017 PPP)—has declined dramatically over the past three decades. The World Bank estimates that the global extreme poverty rate fell from 36% in 1990 to approximately 9% in 2019, lifting more than 1.2 billion people out of extreme poverty. Progress was…
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Geography 9 مصادر

  • CIA World FactbookمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    The world's total land area is approximately 148.9 million square kilometers (57.5 million square miles), covering about 29.2% of Earth's surface. The remaining 70.8% is water. The largest country by area is Russia at 17.1 million sq km, followed by Canada (10.0 million), the United States (9.8 million), China (9.6 mil…
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  • NASA Earthdata — LearnمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    real-time Capability for Earth observation (LANCE) Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) Applied Remote Sensing Training Program (ARSET) Ask the Earthdata Forum Observation Methods Platforms NASA operates state-of-the-art platforms that collect critical information about our home planet. Drill down to the data and to…
  • NOAA Geophysical and Climate DataمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    Bathymetry is the measurement and mapping of the seafloor's topography. NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information maintains ETOPO, a global relief model of Earth's surface integrating land topography and ocean bathymetry at 15-arc-second resolution. Less than 25% of the ocean floor has been mapped to modern…
  • UN Statistics Division Open Dataمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • US BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Cartographers and PhotogrammetristsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    artographers and Photogrammetrists Do Cartographers and photogrammetrists collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information to create and update maps and related products. Work Environment Although cartographers and photogrammetrists spend much of their time in an office setting, some jobs require travel to locati…
  • US BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — GeographersمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    stribution of its land, features, and inhabitants. Work Environment Most geographers work full time. Geographers who do fieldwork may travel to foreign countries or remote locations. How to Become a Geographer Geographers typically need at least a bachelor’s degree to enter the occupation. Some jobs require a mas…
  • USGS — Water Resources Mission AreaمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    yees Office of Civil Rights Doing Business Emergency Management Latest Earthquakes Share Social Media Facebook Twitter Linkedin Digg Reddit Pinterest Email Breadcrumb News Breadcrumb News As above, so below? Trends in groundwater and streamflow across the United States 1980-2020 By Water Resources Mission Area August 1…
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  • USGS Scientific Investigations ReportsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    its science. ASK USGS contact form Contact the subject matter experts at the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS Library website Authorized by Congress in 1879, the U.S Geological Survey Library is recognized as one of the world’s largest Earth and natural science libraries, providing services, collections, and expertise that…
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  • World Bank Open DataمرجعCC-BY-4.0
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    World Bank Open Data | Data It seems you are using an older browser. This site is optimized for modern browsers. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience. Data HOME ECONOMIES THEMES DATA & RESOURCES ABOUT English Español Français العربية 中文 World Bank Open Data Free and open access to global developme…

Languages 9 مصادر

Philosophy 9 مصادر

Psychology 9 مصادر

  • Annual Review of Psychologyمحكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • APA Open Access Archiveمحكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • CDC — Mental HealthمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    ress Mental Health Data Channel Mental Health Stigma View Menu About Mental Health For Everyone Aug. 20, 2026 Español Get help now If you or someone you know is struggling or in crisis, confidential, free, 24/7/365 help is available. Call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org. See Resources for help . Key points Mental h…
  • NIDA — Research Topics (NIH)مرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    n Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the largest supporter of the world’s research on substance use and addiction. Part of the National Institutes of Health, NIDA conducts and supports biomedical research to advance the science on substance use and addiction and improve individual and public health. Look below for more information o…
  • NIH NIMH Research Publicationsمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • NIMH — National Institute of Mental Health, Health TopicsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    ansition, you may notice changes to navigation, page layouts, and where some information is located. Learn more and get the latest updates in our Frequently Asked Questions . In Crisis? Call or Text 988 Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. Home | Help for Mental Illnesses --> Search the NIM…
  • OpenStax Psychology 2eكتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
  • PubMed Central Psychology OA (CC BY)محكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Samevian Canonical Seed (Psychology)كتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-4.0
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    Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior: perception, cognition, emotion, personality, motivation, social interaction, and psychopathology. Major theoretical schools: Psychoanalysis (Freud—unconscious drives, ego/id/superego, defense mechanisms); Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner—classical conditioning, opera…
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Arts 8 مصادر

  • Arts — MDPI Open Access Journal (ISSN 2076-0752)محكَّمالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-4.0
  • Europeana Collections (CC BY / CC0)مرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • Getty Open Content Program (CC0)مرجعCC0-1.0
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    The J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles holds one of the world's preeminent collections of European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts, as well as significant holdings of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities, and one of the premier photography collections. The Getty Open Cont…
  • Library of Congress — Prints and PhotographsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    hl, Edward Abbuehl, Edward H. (2) ABCs Abd al-Ghaff r, al-Sayyid, Physician of Mecca Abdalian, L. H. (Leon H.) Abdel-Raheem, Tarek (2) Abdollahzadeh, Yashar Abdulaziz, Mustafah Abdülhamid II, Sultan of the Turks, 1842-1918 (52) Abdulhamid, Ismat Ayman Abdullah Fréres (1279) Abdullah, Hend Abel & Company Abel & Durang. …
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  • Metropolitan Museum of Art Open Access (CC0)مرجعCC0-1.0
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    The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City holds one of the world's largest and most comprehensive art collections, spanning 5,000 years of history across every region of the globe. Founded in 1870, the Met's permanent collection comprises over 1.5 million works of art, of which approximately 490,000 objects are a…
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  • MoMA Online Collection (CC0)مرجعCC0-1.0
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    MoMA's photography collection, established in 1940 as the first curatorial department of photography at any major art museum, holds over 25,000 works tracing the medium's history from its 1839 origins to contemporary practice. The department's founding under Beaumont Newhall established photography as a fine art form w…
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  • National Endowment for the Arts — Research PublicationsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    dership and Staff What Is the NEA Publications National Endowment for the Arts on COVID-19 Open Government Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Office of the Inspector General Civil Rights Office Appropriations History Make a Donation Home Impact Research Research Publications Get Hard Copies of selected publications by c…
  • Smithsonian Open Access (CC0)مرجعCC0-1.0
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    The Smithsonian Institution, established by an Act of Congress in 1846 using a bequest from British scientist James Smithson, is the world's largest museum and research complex, comprising 19 museums, 21 libraries, 9 research centers, and a zoo. The institution's collections total approximately 155 million objects, spe…

Mathematics 8 مصادر

Occupations 8 مصادر

Environment 7 مصادر

  • EPA Environmental ResearchمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    Research Centers Planning, Budget, and Results Organization Chart EPA History EPAs Report on the Environment (ROE) What is an ROE Indicator? EPA's Report on the Environment (ROE) indicators are simple measures that track the state of the environment and human health over time. Learn about ROE indicators Explore ROE Ind…
  • IPCC Assessment Reportsمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • NASA Climate Change Open DataمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    According to NASA's GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4), the global average surface temperature in 2023 was 1.17°C (2.10°F) above the 1951–1980 baseline average—the warmest year in the 144-year instrumental record. The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since 2010. The long-term warming trend is ap…
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  • NOAA Climate Research PublicationsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    NOAA data show the global average ocean surface temperature in 2023 was 0.91°C (1.64°F) above the 20th-century average—the highest on record. Ocean heat content in the upper 2000 meters reached record-high levels in 2023, with the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans all setting new records. The ocean has abs…
  • NOAA Climate.gov — Teaching ClimateمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    ome Climate Dashboard Teaching Climate Teaching Energy Toolbox for Climate & Energy Partnership with CLEAN collection View Teaching Climate section Resilience Toolkit About About Us Whats New FAQs Sitemap Facebook BlueSky Twitter Instagram YouTube This website is an ARCHIVED version of NOAA Climate.gov as of June 25, 2…
  • UN Environment Programme Open Publicationsمرجعالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • USGS — Water Science SchoolمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    AQ Connect Water Science School Welcome to the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Water Science School. We offer information on many aspects of water, along with pictures, data, maps, and an interactive center where you can give opinions and test your water knowledge. Escuela de Ciencias del Agua New! Water Cycle Diagram …

Sports 7 مصادر

Technology 6 مصادر

  • CISA — Cybersecurity Best PracticesمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    ts no-cost Cyber Services Cybersecurity Awareness Month KEV Catalog Report A Cyber Issue Breadcrumb Home Topics Cybersecurity Best Practices Share: Opens in a new window Opens in a new window Opens in a new window Cybersecurity Best Practices CISA provides information on cybersecurity best practices to help individuals…
  • NIST — Information Technology LaboratoryمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    enesis Mission to Accelerate AI Innovation WELCOME TO THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) is one of NIST’s six research laboratories. ITL’s mission is to cultivate trust in information technology and metrology and to serve as a trusted source of rigorous, independent, and u…
  • NIST Computer Security Resource Center — Special PublicationsمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    aft) NISTIRs. ITL Bulletins: Current list of NIST Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) Bulletins. White Papers: Consists of NIST Cybersecurity White Papers; NCCoE Project Descriptions, Building Blocks and Use Cases; and other NIST-authored papers that are not part of a formal series. Includes current (Final and Draf…
  • OpenJDK Java Language Specification — SE 21معيارالنص الكامل غير متاحGPL-2.0-with-Classpath-Exception (code); Spec proprietary Oracle
  • Oracle Java SE Language Specification (JLS)معيارالنص الكامل غير متاحProprietary (Oracle)
  • Samevian Canonical Seed (Technology)كتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-4.0
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    Operating Systems manage hardware and software resources. Core functions: process management (scheduling, context switching), memory management (virtual memory via paging/segmentation), file systems (hierarchical storage, journaling), and device drivers. System calls (read, write, fork, exec, mmap) form the user-space/…
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Astronomy 5 مصادر

  • ESA Open Access PublicationsمرجعCC-BY-4.0
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    mological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter ΛCDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base ΛCDM" in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and…
  • NASA SH0ES / Riess et al. 2022مرجعCC-BY-4.0
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    , Stefano Casertano , David O. Jones , Yukei Murakami , Louise Breuval , Thomas G. Brink , Alexei V. Filippenko , Samantha Hoffmann , Saurabh W. Jha , W. Darcy Kenworthy , Gagandeep Anand , John Mackenty , Benjamin E. Stahl , Weikang Zheng View a PDF of the paper titled A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of…
  • Nobel Prize Lectures in Physics (Nobelprize.org)محكَّمالرخصة غير مسجَّلةالنص الكامل غير متاح
  • OpenStax Astronomy 2eكتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
  • OpenStax University Physics Volume 1كتاب دراسيالنص الكامل غير متاحCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0

Sciences 3 مصادر

  • NIST — Physical Measurement LaboratoryمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    on that relies on accounting for measurement errors before testing materials or developing products. ‘Spooky’ Particles Transit DC Suburbs, a Step Toward a Quantum Network August 5, 2026 The achievement shows that fragile quantum entanglement can survive even in tough, real-world conditions. NIST Recognition and Accred…
  • NOAA Ocean Explorer — EducationمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    collected during ocean expeditions that we support, including those on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer . Digital data collections typically include oceanographic and geophysical parameters, video, images, documents, and other information, provided in a range of data formats and held in NOAA archives. Physical samples are ar…
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  • USGS Science ExplorerمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    Maps Overview The National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB) is a distributed archive of geoscience information for the Nation. It was mandated by the Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 and is cooperatively built and maintained by the USGS and State Geological Surveys. We welcome you to explore the archive, view the maps, and he…
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Web standards 3 مصادر

Biology مصدران

Computer science مصدران

Physics مصدران

Chemistry مصدر واحد

  • NIST Chemistry WebBookمرجعUS-Government-Public-Domain
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    meritus W. Gary Mallard NIST reserves the right to charge for access to this database in the future. Search Options Jump to top of page General Searches Physical Property Based Searches Formula Name IUPAC identifier CAS registry number Reaction Author Structure Ion energetics properties Vibrational and electronic energ…

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